Time-of-flight Electron Energy Spectrometer

Time-of-flight(TOF) is an important concept in electron optics. In analyzers, TOF is used to select different charged particles with different values of momentum or energy or different masses by using the TOF difference. The book elaborates the fundamentals of TOF energy spectrometer and four types of spectrometer systems suitable for different application requirements, and also the method of TOF-based electron packet modulation. It can be a useful reference for scientists and engineers in laser photoelectron spectroscopy in atomic and molecular optics, ultrafast diagnostics using electron packet medium as streak camera and ultrafast electron diffraction.